(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Grad course eligibility for undergraduates: credits earned greater than or equal
to 144 and gpa 2.75 OR level is graduate. Prerequisite: Permission of instructor. Offered every semester.
PSC 605 - Public Administration and the Political Process
(4 credits) Political factors that condition the structure and functions of public agencies, including the public interest, agency constituencies, and political influence.Crosslisted with PAD 617.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Undergraduate students, Nondegree graduates ineligible to enroll in 600/700/800 level graduate courses. Study of the interrelated nature of urban social systems and interaction of units constituting the metropolitan polity.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): PSC 605 and PAD/PDD/UST 602. Examination of contemporary public policy problems and evaluation of the adequacy of governmental programs designed to deal with them.
(0 credits) Prerequisite(s): Permission of instructor: required of every semester of all first and second year students pursuing an MA in Experimental Psychology. Orientation to research in Experimental Psychology in general and in the Cleveland State University Psychology Department in particular. Assignments will structure students’ progress toward degree completion.
(2 credits) Prerequisite(s): You must be a graduate, GPY-SCH (Psychology-School) major to be eligible for this course. Prerequisite: Must be admitted to the School Psychology program.The course examines program evaluation methods in terms of task-specific knowledge (e.g., principles of measurement), skills (e.g., data analysis), and process issues, using a case study approach based on actual program evaluations from a variety of educational institutions (e.g., Cleveland Municipal Schools, local foundations, ODE’s Office for Exceptional Children).
(2 credits) Prerequisite(s): This course is reserved for students in the Diversity Management Program. This introduces students to the conceptual frameworks and underlying theories that support diversity efforts, history of the field of Diversity Management and Organizational Development/Behavior, and explores diversity demographics.
(3 credits) Prerequisite(s): This course is reserved for students in the Diversity Management Program. This course examines interpersonal relations and group dynamics using a combination of experiential methods and theoretical frameworks. Topics covered include understanding group process, understanding meta group processes, such as leadership, and group to group interactions, the formal properties of groups, such as role structures, power relationships, and process consultation. Special emphasis is placed on the dynamics of differences.
(3 credits) Prerequisite(s): This course is reserved for students in the Diversity Management Program. This course will introduce students to the application of social psychology to the study diversity. It is a survey of the concepts and methods of social psychology. It will familiarize students with the profession of social psychology and emphasize core social psychological concepts that are of particular relevance in applied settings. The core concepts directly related to diversity will be covered, including how impression formation, attitude, attribution, behavior, conformity, cognitive and affective, stereotype and prejudice.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Permission of instructor, with preference for students with testing experience. Systems and procedures of employee selection. Secondary emphasis on the application of learning principles to employee training.
(4 credits) An analysis of the impact of attitudes, motivation, personality, and learning processes on an individual’s use of goods and services, with applications to marketing research, public opinion polling, and advertising research.
(4 credits) Analysis of the “organizing” of work from a psychological perspective and the application of psychological principles to improve organizational effectiveness. Topics range from work motivation to organizational theory. Other areas of focus include leadership, job attitudes, job design, and organizational climate.
(3 credits) Intensive study of selected psychological tests widely used in educational and vocational counseling; emphasis on practical skills and decision making.
(4 credits) Review of the field with emphasis on social motivation, social cognition, impression formation, social influence, attitude change, and group processes; consideration of social processes in applied settings.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): You must be a graduate, GPY-SCH (Psychology-School) major to be eligible for this course. Prerequisite: Must be admitted to the School Psychology program. Provides graduate students in school psychology with basic knowledge of theories of intelligence, familiarity with current practices and issues in intelligence testing, and competence in the administration, scoring, and interpretation of measures of intelligence commonly used in school settings. This course is open only to students enrolled in the school psychology program.
PSY 530 - Organizational Psychology for Diversity Prof
(3 credits) Prerequisite(s): This course is reserved for students in the Diversity Management Program. This course is an analysis of organizational behavior and the application of diversity principles to improve organizational effectiveness. Experiential applications of organizational behavior, change and development, and organizational culture are emphasized.
PSY 531 - Computer Applications of Advanced Statistics
(4 credits) This course is designed to provide students with an experience handling and cleaning data, plus some basic skills of analyzing quantitative data using statistical software. Students will learn to run statistical procedures for both univariate statistics and multi-variate statistics including simple regression, multiple regression, reliability, factor analysis, cluster analysis and discriminant analysis.
(2 credits) Prerequisite(s): This course is reserved for students in the Diversity Management Program. This course provides an overview of organizational change models. Discusses the dynamics and complexity of organizational change efforts and gives special attention to addressing organizational resistance. Theories of change management are applied to diversity issues.
(2 credits) Prerequisite(s): This course is reserved for students in the Diversity Management Program. This course is designed to increase participants’ capacity to collaboratively engage in conflict at the interpersonal, organizational and community levels of system, and to support the creation of mutually beneficial agreements. The course will explore theoretical approaches and concepts drawn from the fields of social psychology, organizational change management and interpersonal communication.
(3 credits) Prerequisite(s): Grad course eligibility for undergraduates: credits earned greater than or equal
to 144 and gpa 2.75 OR level is graduate. Prerequisite: This course is by permission of department. This course is designed to increase participants’ capacity to collaboratively engage in conflict at the interpersonal, organizational and community levels of system, to support mutually beneficial agreements and more effective workplaces. The course will combine theoretical approaches and concepts drawn from the fields of social psychology, organizational change management and interpersonal communication, with practical application and a focus on skill building.
(2 credits) Introduction to the process of clinical interviewing, including personal issues, role considerations, development of the therapeutic alliance, active listening skills (e.g., focusing, interpretation, confrontation, etc.), and the conduct of the initial interview. Instruction employs didactic lectures, modeling, class exercises, and student role-playing.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): You must be a graduate, GPY-SCH (Psychology-School) major to be eligible for this course. Prerequisite: Must be admitted to the School Psychology program. Examination and application of methods for measuring behavior in naturalistic settings, including sampling methods and graphic displays of data for purposes of problem identification and progress monitoring under treatment conditions.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): You must be a graduate, GPY-SCH (Psychology-School) major to be eligible for this course. Prerequisite: Must be admitted to the School Psychology program. This course provides students with a background in assessment and intervention for common academic, affective, and behavior problems experienced by school-aged children. Emphasizes the direct link between assessment and intervention. Students gain competencies in the development and delivery of evidence-based interventions for childhood problems.
PSY 538 - Intellectual Assessment and Practicum for Clinical Psychology
(4 credits) Lecture and practicum experience in the administration, scoring and interpretation of standardized tests of ability, with emphasis on psychological report writing. Secondary emphasis on major and contemporary theories of intelligence and their applications in measurement instruments.Ethical and cultural issues are included to help the student work with deiverse clients.This course is open only to students enrolled in the Clinical Program.
(0 credits) Prerequisites: This course is reserved for students in the Diversity Management Program. PSY 514, PSY 515, PSY 516, PSY 530, PSY 532, and PSY 533 are prerequisites.
The satisfactory/unsatisfactory grade is a participation grade. Attendance is mandatory. Students will be graded based on the level of their participation in the class, i.e.1) are they fully engaged in learning feedback methodologies?
2) do they practice appropriate feedback methods with their classmates in the skill-building portions of the class? 3) is their response to the formal program feedback consistent with professional standards of the field?
(4 credits) A consideration and critique of theories and research in the areas of cognitive development, language acquisition, and social cognition. The course focuses on empirical evaluation of theories and contemporary research.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): check for undergrad in grad course; no cer or pb. Examination of ideas and empirical findings concerning critical periods and issues in adult development and aging. Topics include sexuality, marriage, divorce, careers and employment, life styles, sex roles, biological changes in aging, and subcultural differences.
PSY 550 - Child and Adolescent Development and Disorders
(4 credits) Consideration of theories and research relating to the development of individual affective patterns; ontogenetic development of motor, sensory, perceptual, cognitive, and linguistic skills in infants, children, and adolescents.
(2 credits) Prerequisite(s): This course is reserved for students in the Diversity Management Program. This course explores the dynamics of organizational diagnosis from the perspective of the organizational intervener, and through the lens of diversity. Participants are introduced to theories, models and concepts that support the diversity diagnosing process. The mechanics of organizational diagnosis are introduced. Opportunity is provided to increase awareness of “use of self” in the diversity diagnostic process, and to identify and practice using assessment skills.
PSY 552 - Assessing, Measuring, and Evaluating Diversity
(2 credits) Prerequisite(s): This course is reserved for students in the Diversity Management Program. In this course, students will learn about assessing, measuring and evaluating diversity initiatives for their contribution to improved individual or group performance, work climate, customer satisfaction or bottom-line business results.
(2 credits) Prerequisite(s): This course is reserved for students in the Diversity Management Program. This course provides participants with an opportunity to examine and learn the facilitation process for diverse groups. It includes an exploration of the participant’s own frame of reference, the effect this has on individuals and on group members. The course emphasizes the sociopolitical implications of diversity from a systems perspective.
(4 credits) Survey and critique of traditional nosologies in social and behavioral deviance and the influence of nosologies on assessment; a consideration of some innovative schemes of classification; analysis of pathological process in symptom and syndrome; practice in classification skills.
(4 credits) A comprehensive treatment of recent research and major theoretical positions in the areas of human learning, memory, and cognitive processes. Offered in alternate years.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): You must have a GPY-SCH plan and have taken PSY 536 to be eligible for this course. The application of functional assessment and consultation methods to academic problems in school settings, including strategies for data collection, intervention design, progress monitoring, and techniques for facilitating adherence to intervention plans.
(4 credits) Study of the major theories and research methodologies of perception; stresses current research derived from classical and contemporary theories. Offered in alternate years.
(4 credits) Examination of the philosophical, theoretical, empirical, pragmatic, and ethical considerations involved in the assessment and modification of human behavior in a variety of settings (e.g., home, office, hospital, worksite, school, residential facility). Modification of both overt and covert behaviors are examined.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): You must be a graduate, GPY-SCH (Psychology-School) major to be eligible for this course. Prerequisite: Must be admitted to the School Psychology program. Development of the therapeutic alliance, active listening skills (e.g.,focusing, interpretation, paraphrasing), clinical interviewing, and group process. Instruction employs didactic lectures, modeling, class exercises, and student role-play. Emphasis on evidence-based school -based group intervention programs and techniques.
(4 credits) Examination of interpersonal relations and group processes. The complexity of group differences within an organization is explored, including the sources of conflict that cause divisions and the synergy that can lead to positive change.
(4 credits) Conceptual problems and issues in contemporary psychology are explored analytically and historically; writings that expose or exemplify such problems are examined.
(4 credits) A wide range of tests of motivation, ability, interests, personality traits, and psychopathology are considered. Psychometric characteristics are examined. Concepts underlying test construction and interpretation are presented. Analysis of case studies is an integral part of the course.
(4 credits) Historical overview of psychological ideas, movements, and institutions - in their cultural settings - from Greek and Roman schools of thought to the present, with emphasis on the most recent four centuries.
(4 credits) Designed for graduate students with a previously arranged internship. This course provides supervisory experience and culminates in an interpretive paper on the internship experience.
(2 credits) Prerequisite(s): Graduate standing (degree-seeking, or non-degree-seeking with permission of instructor) Prerequisite: Graduate standing (degree-seeking, or non-degree-seeking with permission of instructor). Review of major developmental theories. Examination of developmental milestones and trajectories with an emphasis on typical affective and social development.
(2 credits) Prerequisite(s): Graduate standing (degree-seeking, or non-degree-seeking with permission of instructor) Prerequisite: Graduate standing (degree-seeking, or non-degree seeking with permission of instructor). Review of major theories and issues in the study of adult development and aging, including social, cognitive, affective, behavioral, and physical/physiological aspects of development.
(1-4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Graduate status, permission of instructor, and departmental approval. Individualized study in psychology designed to supplement individual program needs. The student must arrange program and credit with a faculty member and obtain written permission before enrolling. May be repeated for up to 12 credit hours.
PSY 597 - Advanced Data Analysis with Computer Applications
(4 credits) Simultaneous, sequential, and hierarchical multiple regression and other advanced statistical topics are considered. Transforming non-linear data and detecting multicollinearity are discussed. Students analyze data using statistical software and interpret results. (Credit may not be earned in both Psychology 597 and PSY 611).
(4 credits) An introduction to the concepts and methods underlying a wide range of individual psychotherapeutic interventions, as well as an exploration of the assumptions and socio-historical foundations of the psychotherapies. Examines and explores concepts underlying a number of specific therapeutic approaches as well as problems and solutions regarding eclecticism and therapeutic integration.
PSY 605 - Human Services Consultation and Intervention
(4 credits) The relationship of psychology to social, community, and organizational change is examined. Consulting as a mental health professional is emphasized.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Grad course closed to all undergraduate students. Simultaneous, sequential, and hierarchical multiple regression and other advanced statistical topics are considered. Transforming non-linear data and detecting multicollinearity are discussed. Students analyze data using statistical software and interpret results. (Credit may not be earned in both Psychology 597 and Psychology 611).
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): PSY 511 and PSY 519 or permission of instructor Combines analysis of psychological processes with advanced statistical techniques and applies them to investigations of consumer behavior.
(2 credits) Prerequisite(s): You must be a graduate, GPSYS (Psychology Specialist) major to be eligible for this course. Prerequisite: Enrollment in M.A. School Psychology specialization, or permission of instructor. Examination of the profession of School Psychology, including history, employment trends, service delivery models, and contemporary issues.
(3 credits) Prerequisite(s): This course is reserved for students in the Diversity Management Program. This course focuses on knowledge , awareness and skills needed to work effectively as Diversity manager or consultant with a Human Resources Department. Topics include: recruitment, interviewing, selection, retention, mentoring, and an overview of the court system, the laws related to diversity issues regarding employment, investigation techniques, records retention, policies and international diversity issues. The information will be presented in a lecture format followed by simulations, structured experiences, and small group discussions. The goal of this class is for each student to acquire the knowledge and skill needed to be a valuable resource to an organization regarding diversity issues in the field of human resources.
(4 credits) Prerequisites: PSY 511, PSY 518 or PSY 522 or permission of instructor. This course is designed to cover the important theories and practices in job analysis and performance management. Students will learn how job analysis information can improve the reliability, validity and practicality of vital human resource management functions.
PSY 633 - Professional Seminar in Diversity Management
(3 credits) Prerequisite(s): This course is reserved for students in the Diversity Management Program. This is the capstone seminar of the Diversity Management Program and will introduce students to several topics ranging from diversity ethics to the history of diversity management. Discussions of current diversity practices, videos and guest speakers will enhance discussions of the profession and its practice.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): You must be a graduate, GPY-SCH (Psychology-School) major to be eligible for this course. The term “exceptional”, along with closely associated constructs and issues (e.g. deviance, pathology, categorical/non-categorical,objective/subjective identification) is examined throughout the course. “Historical” information demonstrating past limitations in labeling procedures is shared so as to challenge student thinking regarding current “best practice”. A “label”, a “diagnosis” (e.g. by a pediatrician, school psychologist,etc.) impacts the child and his or her primary stakeholders, an impact that will be explored. The course examines primary exceptionalities to model for students a critical thinking approach to specific exceptionalities while also allowing students to identify, explore and learn of exceptionalities of particular personal interest. In examining each exceptionality, a commun template will be followed.
(2 credits) Couple, family, and group interventions used in clinical practice are explored from a systems perspective. Concepts and methods of couple, family, and group therapy are examined.
(4 credits) Survey of the principles of drug action on the nervous system and behavior, with particular regard to drugs used in social, medical, and psychotherapeutic settings.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Permission of instructor. This course provides students with a balanced presentation of theory, data, and practical application in the area of sexuality and aging.Students will explore their attitudes, beliefs, and feelings about human sexuality and the aspects of aging.The course will help students become more comfortable with their own sexuality and what happpens with it as one grows older.
(4 credits) Prerequisite: Permission of instructor. The impact of behavior, cognition, and affect on biological function and dysfunction is examined from theoretical and empirical perspectives. Stress and coping styles, behavioral medicine (such as compliance, pain managment, behavioral factors in acute and chronic illness), lifestyle choices, and habit control are among the topics considered in relation to the prevention and treatment of disease.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Permission of instructor. Examination of the philosophical, theoretical, empirical, clinical, and ethical considerations involved in the assessment and modification of human behavior in a a variety of settings.Modification of both overt and covert behavior is examined.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Permission of instructor. A comprehensive suvery of motor and cognitive disorders in the aged.Topics include methodological issues, theoretical perspectives on aging, changes in movement disorders, disorders of language, and problem solving deficits.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Permission of instructor. This course focuses on sensory and motor skills.This includes the study of sensory processing of input and the relationship to performance through gross and fine motor coordination.
(2 credits) Detailed examination of the ethical, legal, and professional issues that govern the practice of psychology. Topics include the APA code of ethics, Ohio Psychology Law, the role of values, diversity issues, therapist and consultant responsibilities, client rights, the judicial system, risk management, and work with children, schools, couples, families, and groups.
(4 credits) Examines the use of testing devices that measure an individual’s cognitive, perceptual, and motor performances as indicants of the extent and location of brain damage.
(2-4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Permission of instructor. Course content is described in the online course schedule. May be repeated with a change of topic.
(2 credits) Prerequisite(s): You must be a graduate, GPY-SCH (Psychology-School) major to be eligible for this course. Prerequisite: Must be admitted to the School Psychology program. Covers a broad range of approaches to crisis intervention in different settings, including acute psychological debriefings, critical incident stress management, military debriefings, defusings, and acute therapeutic intervention strategies, with attention to post-traumatic stress disorder, and acute and prolonged stress reactions to life crises.
(4 credits) Practicum with emphasis on understanding the psychological consequences of unusually stressful life experiences which include such events as childhood abuse, national disaster, war trauma, and other traumatic events. Special emphasis on the diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): You must be a graduate, GPY-SCH (Psychology-School) major to be eligible for this course. Prerequisite: Must be admitted to the School Psychology program. Examination of theories of differences and their application to behavioral and organizational change. Through didactic and experimental exercises, the course focuses on the sensitivities and information needed to work effectively with multicultural populations.
PSY 677 - Foundations of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience
(4 credits) A surveyof current knowledge of how behavior and cognition are controlled by neural processes, including examinations of a) neurons and neurotransmitters, b) sensory and motor systems, and c) how the brain and the peripheral nervous system are involved in the control of various behavioral and cognitive processes.
(1-16 credits) Prerequisite(s): This course is reserved for students in the Diversity Management Program. This course is one of three exit requirement options for students in the Diversity Management Program.This is an independent study class culminating in the comprehensive exam. Students review all program content and prepare to take the comprehensive exam. Students will work in student groups. The exam will test for knowledge, skills and awareness dimensions to ensure that they have obtained the competency to function as a diversity management professional.
(1-16 credits) Prerequisite(s): This course is one of three exit requirement options for students in the Diversity Management Program. This class is intended to take the students through the stages of conducting a diversity intervention as an action research project, writing and presenting their graduate action research project. Topics will include choice of subject area, planning, literature review, research methods, writing style, documentation, and preparation for oral presentation.
(4 credits) Placements in clinical, community, hospital, and educational settings for supervised experience in psychological assessment and intervention. In addition to placement experience, students are supervised in small groups by faculty members who are licensed psychologists. Taken in sequence during Fall and Spring for a total of eight credit hours.
(4 credits) Placements in clinical, community, hospital, and educational settings for supervised experience in psychological assessment and intervention. In addition to placement experience, students are supervised in small groups by faculty members who are licensed psychologists. Taken in sequence during Fall and Spring for a total of eight credit hours.
(2 credits) Prerequisite(s): You must be a graduate, GPSYS (Psychology Specialist) major to be eligible for this course. Prerequisites: Must be admitted to the Psychology Specialist program; permission of instructor. Directed observation and participation in a school setting for students in the Specialist in Psychology program to meet state certification requirements. Applies only to those not holding an Ohio Teaching Certificate or license.
(1-12 credits) Prerequisite(s): Advanced graduate status, permission of instructor, and departmental approval. Individualized study in psychology designed to supplement individual program needs. The student must arrange the program and credit with a faculty member and obtain written permission before enrolling. May be repeated for up to 12 credit hours.
PSY 725 - Role and Function of the School Psychologist I
(2 credits) Prerequisite(s): Must be admitted to the Psychology Specialist program; permission of Instructor. Examination of the profession of school psychology, including history, legal and ethical issues, service delivery models, employment trends, credentialing standards, and contemporary issues.
(2 credits) Prerequisite(s): You must be a graduate, GPSYS (Psychology Specialist) major to be eligible for this course. Prerequisites: Must be admitted to the Psychology Specialist program, or permission of instructor. Continued examination of issues addressed in PSY 725.
(2 credits) Prerequisite(s): You must be a graduate, GPSYS (Psychology Specialist) major to be eligible for this course. Prerequisite: Enrollment in the Specialist in School Psychology program, or permission of instructor. An in-depth study of federal and state operating standards pertaining to the professional practice of school psychology, including documentation requirements.
(2 credits) Prerequisite(s): You must be a graduate, GPSYS (Psychology Specialist) major to be eligible for this course. Prerequisites: Must be admitted to the Psychology Specialist program; permission of Instructor. Study of principles and techniques for asessing the reading skills of children. Students gain competency in developing and applying remedial interventions, with emphasis on applications in school setting.
(2 credits) Prerequisite(s): You must be a graduate, GPSYS (Psychology Specialist) major to be eligible for this course. Prerequisites: Must be admitted to the Psychology Specialist program; permission of Instructor. Comprehensive examination of models and methods of consultation in schools, with emphasis on the problem-solving process, communication skills, and managing resistance.
(2 credits) Prerequisite(s): You must be a graduate, GPSYS (Psychology Specialist) major to be eligible for this course. Prerequisite: Enrollment in the Psy.S. School Psychology program, or permission of instructor. Comprehensive examination of models and methods of consultation in schools, with emphasis on individual student issues. Emphasis on the application of problem-solving skills, communication skills, behavioral skills, and development of resistance management skills.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): You must be a graduate, GPSYS (Psychology Specialist) major to be eligible for this course. Prerequisite: Enrollment in the Specialist Psychology program, or permission of instructor. Course content announced in the Course Schedule. May be repeated with a change of topic.
(6 credits) Prerequisite(s): You must be a graduate, GPSYS (Psychology Specialist) major to be eligible for this course. Prerequisites: Must be admitted to the Psychology Specialist program; permission of instructor. Full-time school psychology internship experience for students enrolled in the School Psychology program.
(6 credits) Prerequisite(s): You must be a graduate, GPSYS (Psychology Specialist) major to be eligible for this course. Prerequisites: Must be admitted to the Psychology Specialist program; permission of instructor. Full-time school psychology internship experience for students enrolled in the School Psychology program.
(2 credits) Prerequisite(s): GPSYS major required; PSY 790 and 791 are co-requisites of this course. Corequisites: PSY 790 and PSY 791. Prerequisites: Must be admitted to the Psychology Specialist program; permission of instructor. Corequisites: PSY 790 and 791. Supervised Experience in School Psychology. Focuses on advanced issues in the practice of school psychology through the use of discussion, case presentations, and resource-sharing. Topics include behavioral consultation, legal and ethical issues, service delivery models, special populations, and assessment technology.
(2 credits) Prerequisite(s): You must be a graduate, GPSYS (Psychology Specialist) major to be eligible for this course. Prerequisites: Must be admitted to the Psychology Specialist program; permission of instructor. Offered in conjunction with PSY 790 and PSY 791. Supervised Experience in School Psychology. Focuses on advanced issues in the practice of school psychology through the use of discussion, case presentations, and resource sharing. Topics include behavioral consultation, legal and ethical issues, service delivery models, special populations, and assessment technology.
(3 credits) Prerequisite(s): Admission to the MPH program is required for eligibility. Organizational structure, history, law, ethics, essential services, global problems, and the future of public health. Lecture, discussion, projects, and presentations.
(3 credits) Prerequisite(s): Admission to the MPH program is required for eligibility. Theories of health education and promotion. Intervention (communication, collaboration, and strategies) including socio-cultural, diversity, and regional issues as they pertain to public health.