(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): OMS/OSM 311; must have at least junior standing and be a declared major in the College of Business to be eligible for this course. This course covers the core principles of the management of quality in the production of goods and services. Statistical quality control techniques are used in the implementation of these principles. Topics include TQM, continuous improvement, control charts, sampling plans, process capability, and ISO 9000. Applicable computer software is used to implement the techniques.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): OMS/OSM 202. This course covers the application of simulation and animation techniques to queuing systems using personal computers. Included are more complex systems such as those encountered in production, inventory, and service systems. Statistical tools are used to analyze the simulated systems. In addition, the use of simulation software will be an integral part of the course.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Permission of department chair required; must have at least junior standing and be a declared major in the College of Business to be eligible for this course. Requires professional operations and supply chain management work experience in an organizational environment that extends the curriculum and provides meaningful experience related to the student’s area of interest. Term report required.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Must have senior standing and be a declared major in the College of Business to be eligible for this course. Approval of sponsoring professor and department chairperson required. Flexible content/structure course to enable qualified students to pursue special areas of interest and competency; opportunity for independent study, field research, or other special assignments.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Senior standing and permission of instructor and department chair Explores current issues or special topics in operations and supply chain management. Topics and course requirements will be announced by the department.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Senior standing, approval of sponsoring professor and department chairperson, written proposal approval before registration. Flexible content/structure course to enable qualified students to pursue special areas of interest and competency; opportunity for independent study, field research, or other special assignments.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Prerequisite: Open to senior honors students. Requires the honors student to conduct an original research in supply chain management or business statistics under the supervision of an OSM faculty member. The thesis will be submitted as a written report.
(4 credits) An introduction to logical concepts and principles of inductive and deductive reasoning, including validity, soundness, and symbolic representation of arguments. Focuses on building the skills involved in analyzing, evaluating and constructing arguments of various types. Includes a discussion of logical fallacies. Emphasis is placed on the application of concepts and principles to contexts and examples expressed in the language of daily life and public discourse. This course may fulfill a General Education Requirement.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Open only to freshman and sophomores, except by written permission of the department chair. Open only to freshmen and sophomores or by written permission of department chairperson. An elementary survey of leading themes, thinkers, movements, branches, and problems in Western philosophy. This course may fulfill a General Education Requirement.
(4 credits) A critical examination of views regarding whether life has meaning, what it means for life to have meaning, and what a meaningful life consists in. This course may fulfill a General Education Requirement.
(4 credits) Traces the development of fundamental themes, problems, and ideas in the Western philosophical tradition via readings drawn from the tradition’s leading historical figures. This course may fulfill a General Education Requirement.
(4 credits) An introductory survey of philosophical approaches to moral problems. Emphasis will be on theories about how we ought to act and about goals, rights and responsibilities appropriate to human beings. Current moral issues are analyzed and discussed. This course may fulfill a General Education Requirement.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Only students in the Honors Program are eligible to enroll. Course will examine different conceptions of nature, and different theories about the relationship of humans to their natural environment, that have shaped historically important moral theories as well as from contemporary philosophical writings in the area of environmental ethics and works of literature. Questions addressed will include: What are rights? Who/what should have them? What kinds of things, if any, are intrinsically valuable? What responsibilities do we have to future generations? . This course may fulfill a General Education Requirement.
(3 credits) An examination of the social impact of technology and its relationship to ethics, with the objective of identifying and clarifying obligations that might arise in technological research and its applications. The course will survey a variety of moral theories, as well as engineering codes of ethics. The case study method will be used: sources will include the history of science and technology, and reports from professional societies. Topics covered may include whistle blowing; and environmental, safety, and privacy issues. This course may fulfill a General Education Requirement.
(4 credits) This course introduces perennial philosophical problems and concepts through readings from great works of Western philosophy and classical works of fantasy and science fiction. Philosophical problems to be discussed include: the nature of reality, space and time; questions about knowledge; and alternative views of the good life and the good society. Arts and Humanities.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Honors standing or permission of University Honors Program. Course surveys utopian and dystopian visions from ancient times to the present, focusing on the relation between human nature and the structure of society. This course may fulfill a General Education Requirement.
(3 credits) An introduction to major ethical theories and the principles of bioethics. This knowledge will be applied to the analysis of ethical problems that arise in the health-care field. This course may fulfill a General Education Requirement.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Honors students. An application of major ethical theories and viewpoints, surveyed in the course, to important and controversial issues in biotechnology such as genetic modification of agricultural products, genetic enhancement of human traits, stem cell research, and human cloning.Arts and Humanities. Writing.
(4 credits) An examination of major African-American philosophers, from the 19th and 20th centuries. This will include earlier thinkers such as WEB DuBois, Anna Julia Cooper, Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington, Marcus Garvey and Alain Locke, and later thinkers such as Martin Luther King, Jr., Ralph Bunche, belle hooks, Audre Lorde, Cornel West and Angela Y. Davis. This course will explore their views views about the nature of race and racism and about appropriate responses to racism. The course will explore the philosophical roots of these themes, with special attention to the influences from the history of philosophy, including Marxism, American pragmatism, and existentialism.
(4 credits) This course introduces students to the rich philosophical traditions of the non-western world. Emphasis is on non-contemporary traditions of metaphysics, cosmology, ethics, philosophy of religion, social and political philosophy and logic. This course may fulfill a General Education Requirement.
(4 credits) An examination of the beginnings of Western philosophic thought from Thales through the Hellenistic period, with extensive consideration of Plato and Aristotle. This course may fulfill a General Education Requirement.
(4 credits) A continued examination of Western philosophic thought with special emphasis on St. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas. Classical and Medieval Studies course, Western Culture and Civilization, Arts and Humanities. . This course may fulfill a General Education Requirement.
(4 credits) A continuation of the examination of Western philosophic thought up to the 19th century, including Continental Rationalism (Descartes, Leibnitz, Spinoza, and Kant) and British Empiricism (Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. This course may fulfill a General Education Requirement.
(4 credits) An introduction to ethics through the study of the history of ethics. This course traces the development of fundamental themes and problems of ethics in the Western philosophical tradition through readings drawn from leading philosophers. This course may fulfill a General Education Requirement.
(4 credits) This course will examine different conceptions of nature, and different theories about the relationship of humans to their natural environment, that have shaped current debates about environmental issues. Readings will be drawn from historically important moral theories as well as from contemporary philosophical writings in the area of environmental ethics. Philosophical questions addressed will include: What things are intrinsically valuable? What obligations, if any, do we have to non-humans, ecosystems, natural objects? What responsibilities do we have to future generations?. This course may fulfill a General Education Requirement.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): One course in philosophy; must have at least sophomore standing. An examination of art and aesthetic experience, including personal, social and political significance. Issues explored may include artistic concepts pertaining to form and content, representation and expression, meaning and truth, critical interpretation and evaluation. This course may fulfill a General Education Requirement.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): One course in philosophy; must have at least sophomore standing. An examination of the relations between various philosophical systems and historical religions; theories of faith and knowledge, including a discussion of proofs for the existence of God. This course may fulfill a General Education Requirement.
(4 credits) A course in elementary symbolic (or mathematical) logic, including propositional (or sentential) logic, and predicate logic (or quantification theory). Includes the logic of identity and function symbols, making it suitable for formal deductions in some mathematical theories and for much exact philosophy in the classical and analytic traditions. Provides a rich context for understanding the concept of logical validity, assumed in almost all academic and scientific writing.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): One course in philosophy; must have at least sophomore standing. The meaning and role of law in human life and contemporary society, with reference to social and political problems. Writing.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Two courses in philosophy or permission of instructor. An examination of the assumptions and methodology of scientific explanation and its philosophic implications.
(4 credits) An examination of classical and contemporary views on the nature of woman; the variety of response within the feminist movement to the situation of women in modern society; emphasis is placed on discovery of underlying philosophical presuppositions concerning human nature, human good, equality, masculinity, and femininity. Discussion of these underlying philosophical presuppositions will likely include critiques of canonical views and alternate theories developed by feminist philosophers. This course may fulfill a General Education Requirement.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): One course in philosophy. An examination of some of the key movements in recent continental thought. Typical readings may include selections from the works of Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, Merleau-Ponty, Foucault, Gadamer, Levinas.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): One course in philosophy; must have at least sophomore standing. This course is a survey of competing 19th-century world views and methodologies. Excerpts from the works of philosophers such as Mill, Comte, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard, and Nietzsche will be examined, and the relevance of their views to 20th-century philosophy will be explored. Writing.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): One course in philosophy; must have at least sophomore standing. An examination of the philosophical origins of traditional grammar and of transformational grammar; pertinent insights by thinkers, including Aristotle, Descartes, Locke, Hume, Wittgenstein, Chomsky, and Katz; special attention to the tenability of claims made by transformational grammarians from the viewpoint of philosophical consistency. Linguistic Studies course, Writing.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Two courses in philosophy, at least one of which must be numbered above 260; must have at least sophomore standing. Concentrated study of the writings of outstanding philosophers (normally no more than one or two philosophers in any one offering). Usually offered every semester. May be repeated for credit with change of topic. This course may fulfill a General Education Requirement.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Two courses in philosophy, at least one of which must be numbered above 260; must have at least sophomore standing. Study of a particular philosophical movement and its assumptions, methods, and implications. This course is repeatable. . This course may fulfill a General Education Requirement.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): One course in Philosophy. An examination of the assumptions, methods, and content of major theories of ethics, with an emphasis on contemporary approaches. This course may fulfill a General Education Requirement.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): PHL 131 plus another philosophy course numbered higher than 260. Study of the development of analytic philosophy in the 20th century. Typical readings may include selections from the works of Frege, Moore, Russell, Wittgenstein, Ayer, Austin, Quine, Putnam, Kripke, and Davidson. Writing.
(4 credits) An examination of ethical systems and forms of argumentation as they bear upon case studies in bioethics. Dominant ethical theories will be studied and critiqued, especially from the standpoint of application. Reasoning at the levels of principles, rules, and particular judgments will be distinguished; and the relevance of institutional practices, roles, and particular circumstances will be analyzed. This course is offered via the World Wide Web. This course may fulfill a General Education Requirement.
(4 credits) The course will focus on moral problems which arise in the day-to-day practice of health-care professionals, administrators, and researchers within the framework of existing institutions, social policies, and laws. It will include readings on controversial moral issues in clinical ethics and apply forms and strategies of moral reasoning to selected cases. This course is offered via the World Wide Web.
(4 credits) Policy issues in bioethics reviews the role of governments in developing and implementing health-care policies. Readings and discussion will cover such topics as surrogacy, transplantation, problems of financing, the allocation of resources, and experimentation. Writing.
(4 credits) Students will learn rudimentary legal research skills, the structure of the American legal system, and constitutional foundations of health-care law as applied to some classical and contemporary legal issues which may include death and dying, transplantation, genetic and reproductive law, human subjects research, and employee testing for drug use. This course is offered via the web. This course may fulfill a General Education Requirement.
(4 credits) An application of bioethical viewpoints and major ethical theories to issues in biotechnology such as informed consent in genetic modification, potential risk and harm to humans and nonhuman animals, health resources used for human enhancement, genetic modification of agricultural products, stem cell research, use of human embryos, and human cloning. Tutorials on human genetics and recombinant DNA will be covered. Writing.
(4 credits) An introduction to health economics and the economist’s perspective and an exploration of applications of these constructs to bioethics and bioethical analysis. Applications may include advance directives and such bioethical principles as informed consent and patient autonomy. Patient cases and public policy proposals may be subjected to economic and bioethical analysis. The course includes an overview of bioethics. This course is offered via the Web.
(4 credits) This course explores some of the issues surrounding human reproduction including abortion, contraception, the medicalization of birth, the autonomy of pregnant women, and a variety of issues surrounding assisted reproductive technologies. An overview of the main controversies related to these topics, as well as more in-depth analysis of specific controversies, is provided. Media representations, and whether they contribute to meaningful public debate, are considered. Students develop skills to analyze these ethical issues and effectively articulate their own position. No prerequisites.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Two courses in philosophy, at least one of which must be numbered above 260; must have at least sophomore standing. An investigation into classical and contemporary accounts of the concepts of person and action. Issues such as the mind-body problem and the problem of other minds will be discussed. This course may fulfill a General Education Requirement.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Two courses in philosophy, at least one of which must be numbered above 260; must have at least sophomore standing. An examination of theories concerning the nature and extent of knowledge with . This course may fulfill a General Education Requirement. an emphasis on contemporary approaches. Writing.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Two courses in philosophy, at least one of which must be numbered above 260; must have at least sophomore standing. An examination of the problems concerning the nature of reality. Writing.
PHL 489H - Research Methods for Undergraduates - Honors
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Open only to philosophy majors in the University Honors Program who have selected a department honors advisor and are simultaneously working on their research project. Introduction to research materials and methods in philosophy.
(4 credits) Topic will vary. Course focuses on building analytical, research and writing skills in philosophy. Required for Philosophy majors. Satisfies the capstone requirement for Philosophy. This course may fulfill a General Education Requirement.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Course is closed to freshmen and non degree students Exhaustive research on a philosophic problem to assist the student in attaining proficiency in independent research. May be repeated for credit.
(1 credits) Introduction to the basics of physical conditioning and its benefits. Modeled on the U.S. Army method of increasingly challenging exercises to build aerobic skills and endurance leading to enhanced physical fitness. Principal aspects of stretching, conditioning, and recovery. Also,cardiovascular and respiratory fitness, weight control, and stress control.
(2 credits) Examination of the disciplines, professions, and careers relating to physical education and sport, including the historical perspective, as well as current issues and problems that influence philosophical, psychological, and physiological aspects of sport and activity participation.
(3 credits) Examines sport and sport-related organizations and acquaints students with job opportunities in the profession. A brief overview of the body of knowledge concerning sport management is included. Future trends in sports management will be highlighted. Includes field experience.
(1 credits) Fundamental skill in each sport covered is required. Persons lacking such skills may attain this skill level by taking the PES equivalent, if available, to develop basic skill proficiency. Development of intermediate skills and knowledge of rules, skill techniques, and strategies of the game. The student will be exposed to a variety of teaching strategies, styles, and learning environments. The course includes a lab teaching opportunity.
(1 credits) Fundamental skill in each sport covered is required. Persons lacking such skills may attain this skill level by taking the PES equivalent, if available, to develop basic skill proficiency. Development of intermediate skills and knowledge of rules, skill techniques, and strategies of the game. The student will be exposed to a variety of teaching strategies, styles, and learning environments. The course includes a lab teaching opportunity.
(1 credits) Fundamental skill in each sport covered is required. Persons lacking such skills may attain this skill level by taking the PES equivalent, if available, to develop basic skill proficiency. Development of intermediate skills and knowledge of rules, skill techniques, and strategies of the game. The student will be exposed to a variety of teaching strategies, styles, and learning environments. The course includes a lab teaching opportunity.
(1 credits) Fundamental skill in each sport covered is required. Persons lacking such skills may attain this skill level by taking the PES equivalent, if available, to develop basic skill proficiency. Development of intermediate skills and knowledge of rules, skill techniques, and strategies of the game. The student will be exposed to a variety of teaching strategies, styles, and learning environments. The course includes a lab teaching opportunity.
(1 credits) Fundamental skill in each sport covered is required. Persons lacking such skills may attain this skill level by taking the PES equivalent, if available, to develop basic skill proficiency. Development of intermediate skills and knowledge or rules, skill techniques, and strategies of each game or sport. The student will be exposed to a variety of teaching strategies, styles, and learning environments. The course includes a lab teaching opportunity.
(1 credits) Fundamental skill in each sport covered is required. Persons lacking such skills may attain this skill level by taking the PES equivalent, if available, to develop basic skill proficiency. Development of intermediate skills and knowledge or rules, skill techniques, and strategies of each game or sport. The student will be exposed to a variety of teaching strategies, styles, and learning environments. The course includes a lab teaching opportunity.
(1 credits) Prerequisite: Fundamental skill in each sport covered is required. Persons lacking such skills may attain this skill level by taking the PES equivalent, if available, to develop basic skill proficiency. Development of intermediate skills and knowledge or rules, skill techniques, and strategies of each game or sport. The student will be exposed to a variety of teaching strategies, styles, and learning environments. The course includes a lab teaching opportunity.
(1 credits) Fundamental skill in each sport covered is required. Persons lacking such skills may attain this skill level by taking the PES equivalent, if available, to develop basic skill proficiency. Development of intermediate skills and knowledge or rules, skill techniques, and strategies of each game or sport. The student will be exposed to a variety of teaching strategies, styles, and learning environments. The course includes a lab teaching opportunity.
(1 credits) Courses in this block of study are designed to expose the student to the various adventure education-type sport activities. Emphasis will be on the development of sport-specific basic skills and knowledge related to each of the sport activities.
(1 credits) Courses in this block of study are designed to expose the student to the various adventure education-type sport activities. Emphasis will be on the development of sport-specific basic skills and knowledge related to each of the sport activities.
(1 credits) Courses in this block of study are designed to expose the student to the various adventure education-type sport activities. Emphasis will be on the development of sport-specific basic skills and knowledge related to each of the sport activities.
(2 credits) The student will have the opportunity to develop the fundamental skills necessary for tumbling activities, pyramid building, couple stunts, and select pieces of apparatus work. The student will be exposed to a variety of teaching strategies, styles, and learning environments. The course includes a lab teaching opportunity. Attention will be paid to safety, skill analysis, class management, and assessment.
(2 credits) This course is open to all CSU students but specifically designed for the K-12 physical educator or activity specialist in recreation or corporate fitness. The Course consists of a series of activities including: hiking and backpacking, camping, mountain biking, and kayaking. The entire class will be taught outdoors and on a variety of outdoor locations. Participants should expect to meet on location at 8:00 am on each of the designed Saturday mornings. Course is intended to introduce participants to basic skills and practices in backpacking, mountain biking and kayaking. Overnight camping skills will be learned and practiced each weekend. No experience is necessary.
(2 credits) This course is designed for student athletes and performers (including musicians) who are interested in improving their practice and competitive behaviors. Focuses on identifying and improving performance enhancement strategies that can be incorporated into an overall mental performance plan.
(3 credits) Prerequisite(s): PED 226. The study of the broad field of aquatics, including self-propelled and equipment-propelled activities. An understanding of certification programs, including swimming, boating, and sailing, and the ability to effectively contrast programs when more than one exists. An understanding of swimming pool chemistry to pass National Pool and Spa Foundation Pool Operators Course.
(1 credits) Course prepares you to become certified by the state high school athletic association to officiate volleyball.Course includes the rules, mechanics, and officiating practices for the game of volleyball.
(2 credits) Instruction leading to Red Cross adapted aquatics certification. Emphasis on instructing adapted physical education through the medium of water; methods of organizing, administering, and implementing a program for the handicapped.
(3 credits) Prerequisite(s): Must have at least sophomore standing, and a cumulative GPA of 2.50 or higher, to be eligible for this course. The course will include movement and skill concepts necessary to successfully implement and teach in the preK-6 setting. Major emphasis will be given to developmentally appropriate games, sports, and activities for each grade. Additionally, students will have the opportunity to practice skills and activities learned both in lab and field settings. Attention will be given to the organization, management, and assessment of students in this age group. A wide variety of teaching strategies, styles, and learning environments will be explored and practiced.
(3 credits) Prerequisite(s): PED 301. Must have at least sophomore standing, and a cumulative GPA of 2.50 or higher, to be eligible for this course. Development of teaching strategies and styles necessary for the implementation of team, individual, and contemporary (requiring minimum skill acquisition for success) activities from 6th grade through adulthood. Emphasis will be placed on practical teaching concerns, such as skills needed for class control and activity adaptation for special populations as well as sensitivity to the diversity in our classrooms. Special attention will be given to the full inclusion of all children regardless of physical skill, physical or mental disabilities, or environmental limitations of facilities. Course includes a lab assignment which will provide the student with an opportunity to practice teaching in a PES activity course.
(3 credits) Prerequisite(s): HED 210 or equivalent; must have at least sophomore standing, and a cumulative GPA of 2.50 or higher, to be eligible for this course. Introduction to creative and innovative methods needed to implement and integrate school health and physical education by classroom teachers. Topics are community resources, content, curricula, technology, and teaching strategies. Includes an outside service learning experience.
(3 credits) Prerequisite(s): BIO 266 and BIO 267; must have at least sophomore standing, and a cumulative GPA of 2.50 or higher, to be eligible for this course. Study of the scientific basis of human movement and the implements used in activity. The biomechanics of physical activity is reviewed and movement is analyzed. The musculoskeletal system is studied and application is made to posture, locomotion, and selected physical-activity skills. The application of biomechanics and anatomy is emphasized during instructional activities and laboratories.
(1 credits) Prerequisite(s): BIO 268, BIO 269; must have at least sophomore standing, and a cumulative GPA of 2.50 or higher, to be eligible for this course; PED 325 must be taken concurrently. Designed for the evaluation and development of personal physical fitness. Hands-on fitness evaluation and exercise prescription for the healthy and cardiac patient are discussed with emphasis on risk factor reduction. This course must be taken with PED 325 and is designed for physical-education majors only.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): BIO 268 and BIO 269; must have at least sophomore standing, and a cumulative GPA of 2.50 or higher, to be eligible for this course; PED 324 must be taken concurrently. Study of the physiological function during physical activity and the effects of exercise-training programs. The functional basis for physical activity and fitness, including metabolic energy sources, cardiorespiratory function, muscle contraction, temperature regulation, and gender comparisons are studied. Laboratory activities focus on the application and measurement of physiological function during exercise. This course must be taken with PED 324 and is designed for physical education majors only.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Must have at least sophomore standing, and a cumulative GPA of 2.50 or higher, to be eligible for this course. Legal aspects of physical education will include negligence, intentional torts, contracts, Americans With Disabilities Act (IDEA), and appropriate components of the Occupational Health and Safety Act. Administration will include not-for-profit business organizations and the role of the school, finance, and planning.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Must have at least sophomore standing, and a cumulative GPA of 2.50 or higher, to be eligible for this course. Introductory course in motor learning and motor development; emphasis on utilizing basic knowledge of the developmental and learning processes for more effective understanding as to why and how children and adults learn and perform motor skills. This course may fulfill a General Education Requirement.
(3 credits) Prerequisite(s): Must have at least sophomore standing, and a cumulative GPA of 2.50 or higher, to be eligible for this course. Study of the purpose, selection, construction, administration, and evaluation of tests for assessing physical fitness, motor ability, and sport skills. Basic descriptive statistics are used to organize and interpret test scores. Laboratory sessions focus on test administration and statistical analyses.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Must have at least sophomore standing, and a cumulative GPA of 2.50 or higher, to be eligible for this course. This course provides an overview of the field of sport and exercise psychology and sport sociology. The content focuses on the psychological variables (e.g., personality, motivation, achievement, anxiety), sociological variables (e.g., environmental influences, group processes) and educational strategies for enhancing health and well-being through sport and exercise. Also, societal influences on sport (e.g., race, gender, economics) will be explored. Writing.
(4 credits) Prerequisite(s): Must have at least sophomore standing, and a cumulative GPA of 2.50 or higher, to be eligible for this course. Study of rationale underlying the provision for physical-education programs for students with disabilities; organization, administration, and conduct of physical education programs for the most prevalent types of educational and medical conditions found in schools and agencies; assists the student to develop placements that adhere to the doctrine of the least-restrictive environment. Includes clinical experiences.
(3 credits) Examination of leisure/recreation services available for individuals with disabilities; study of impact of federal legislation on the provision for and accessibility of diverse recreational opportunities including high risk, adventure activities; and analysis of elite sport opportunities for individuals with disabilities including the study of national governing bodies that are responsible for the competition with emphasis on the International Paralympic Movement.